TY - JOUR

T1 - A Short-Form Measure of Diabetes Distress Among Adults With Type 1 Diabetes for Use in Clinical Practice

T2 - Development and Validation of The T1-DDS-7

AU - Nygaard, Mette

AU - Willaing, Ingrid

AU - Joensen, Lene Eide

AU - Lindgreen, Pil

AU - Stenov, Vibeke

AU - Hessler, Danielle

AU - Nørgaard, Kirsten

AU - Pedersen-Bjergaard, Ulrik

AU - Olesen, Kasper

N1 - Publisher Copyright: © 2023 by the American Diabetes Association.

PY - 2023

Y1 - 2023

N2 - OBJECTIVE Valid and reliable diabetes distress assessment is essential for identifying adults with elevated levels of concern and to guide targeted support. However, assessing diabetes distress must also be feasible in time-limited settings. We aimed to identify a short-form measure of the 28-item Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale (T1-DDS-28) representing seven sources of type 1 diabetes distress that would be convenient for use in clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Based on the evaluation of influence and importance by 14 experts in diabetes care and research, we identified the best-performing item within each of seven sources of diabetes distress included in the T1-DDS-28. To further validate the proposed short-form measure, we used survey data from 2,016 adults living with type 1 diabetes. Validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s a, test-retest reliability analysis, and correlations with other psychosocial measures. RESULTS We identified a short-form measure of the T1-DDS-28 consisting of seven items, each representing a source of diabetes distress. These items showed satisfactory reliability (factor loadings > 0.45; a = 0.82; test-retest correlation, r = 0.90) and validity (correlation with T1-DDS-28, r = 0.95; area under the curve = 0.91; sensitivity 93%; specificity 89%) when combined in the short-form scale (T1-DDS-7). CONCLUSIONS We propose the T1-DDS-7 as a valid and reliable measure for routine screening of diabetes distress among adults with type 1 diabetes. In case of elevated levels of diabetes distress, we recommend that a full-scale assessment and open dialogue follow the short-form measure before determining further treatment.

AB - OBJECTIVE Valid and reliable diabetes distress assessment is essential for identifying adults with elevated levels of concern and to guide targeted support. However, assessing diabetes distress must also be feasible in time-limited settings. We aimed to identify a short-form measure of the 28-item Type 1 Diabetes Distress Scale (T1-DDS-28) representing seven sources of type 1 diabetes distress that would be convenient for use in clinical practice. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Based on the evaluation of influence and importance by 14 experts in diabetes care and research, we identified the best-performing item within each of seven sources of diabetes distress included in the T1-DDS-28. To further validate the proposed short-form measure, we used survey data from 2,016 adults living with type 1 diabetes. Validity was examined by exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s a, test-retest reliability analysis, and correlations with other psychosocial measures. RESULTS We identified a short-form measure of the T1-DDS-28 consisting of seven items, each representing a source of diabetes distress. These items showed satisfactory reliability (factor loadings > 0.45; a = 0.82; test-retest correlation, r = 0.90) and validity (correlation with T1-DDS-28, r = 0.95; area under the curve = 0.91; sensitivity 93%; specificity 89%) when combined in the short-form scale (T1-DDS-7). CONCLUSIONS We propose the T1-DDS-7 as a valid and reliable measure for routine screening of diabetes distress among adults with type 1 diabetes. In case of elevated levels of diabetes distress, we recommend that a full-scale assessment and open dialogue follow the short-form measure before determining further treatment.

U2 - 10.2337/dc23-0460

DO - 10.2337/dc23-0460

M3 - Journal article

C2 - 37343387

AN - SCOPUS:85168453997

VL - 46

SP - 1619

EP - 1625

JO - Diabetes Care

JF - Diabetes Care

SN - 1935-5548

IS - 9

ER -