Increase in the Complement Activation Product C4d and the Terminal Complement Complex sC5b-9 Is Associated with Disease Severity and a Fatal Outcome in Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infection

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The hyperinflammatory burden is immense in necrotizing soft-tissue infection (NSTI). The complement system is a key during the innate immune response and may be a promising target to reduce the inflammatory response, potentially improving the clinical outcome. However, complement activation and its association to disease severity and survival remain unknown in NSTI. Therefore, we prospectively enrolled patients with NSTI and sampled blood at admission and once daily for the following 3 days. Plasma C4c, C4d, C3bc, and C3dg and the terminal complement complex (TCC) were evaluated using ELISA techniques. In total, 242 patients were included with a median age of 62 years, with a 60% male predominance. All-cause 30-day mortality was 17% (95% confidence interval [CI] 13-23) with a follow-up of >98%. C4c and C3dg were negatively correlated with Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (Rho -0.22, p < 0.001 and Rho -0.17, p = 0.01). Patients with septic shock (n = 114, 47%) had higher levels of baseline TCC than those in non-shock patients (18 vs. 14, p < 0.001). TCC correlated with the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score (Rho 0.19, p = 0.004). In multivariate Cox regression analysis (adjusted for age, sex, comorbidity, and SOFA score), high baseline C4d (>20 ng/mL) and the combination of high C4d and TCC (>31 arbitrary units/mL) were associated with increased 30-day mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 3.26, 95% CI 1.56-6.81 and HR 5.12, 95% CI 2.15-12.23, respectively). High levels of both C4d and TCC demonstrated a negative predictive value of 0.87. In conclusion, we found that in patients with NSTI, complement activation correlated with the severity of the disease. High baseline C4d and combination of high C4d and TCC are associated with increased 30-day mortality. Low baseline C4d or TCC indicates a higher probability of survival.

OriginalsprogEngelsk
TidsskriftJournal of Innate Immunity
Vol/bind14
Udgave nummer4
Sider (fra-til)355-365
Antal sider11
ISSN1662-811X
DOI
StatusUdgivet - 2022

Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
The study was supported by the projects of PERMIT (Grant Number 8113-00009B) funded by Innovation Fund Denmark and EU Horizon 2020 under the frame of ERA PerMed (project 2018-151) and PERAID (Grant Number 8114-00005B) funded by Innovation Fund Denmark and NordForsk (Project No. 90456). The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under the Grant agreement 305340 (INFECT project). Moreover, Copenhagen University Hospital (Rigshospitalet) provided a research grant for MH (Grant Number R167-A7352-B3897).

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s).

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