Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can present significant challenges in the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infections. In CF and other chronic diseases, AMR has a different profile and clinical consequences compared to acute infections and this requires different diagnostic and treatment approaches. This review defines AMR, explains how it occurs, describes the methods used to measure AMR as well as their limitations, and concludes with future directions for research and development in the area of AMR in CF.