Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries
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Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries. / Jensen, Tina Kold; Jørgensen, Niels; Punab, Margus; Haugen, Trine B; Suominen, Jyrki; Zilaitiene, Birute; Horte, Antero; Andersen, Anne-Grethe; Carlsen, Elisabeth; Magnus, Øystein; Matulevicius, Valentinas; Nermoen, Ingrid; Vierula, Matti; Keiding, Niels; Toppari, Jorma; Skakkebaek, Niels E.
In: American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 159, No. 1, 2004, p. 49-58.Research output: Contribution to journal › Journal article › Research › peer-review
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TY - JOUR
T1 - Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries
AU - Jensen, Tina Kold
AU - Jørgensen, Niels
AU - Punab, Margus
AU - Haugen, Trine B
AU - Suominen, Jyrki
AU - Zilaitiene, Birute
AU - Horte, Antero
AU - Andersen, Anne-Grethe
AU - Carlsen, Elisabeth
AU - Magnus, Øystein
AU - Matulevicius, Valentinas
AU - Nermoen, Ingrid
AU - Vierula, Matti
AU - Keiding, Niels
AU - Toppari, Jorma
AU - Skakkebaek, Niels E
N1 - Keywords: Adolescent; Adult; Cross-Sectional Studies; Europe; Female; Genital Diseases, Male; Humans; Male; Military Personnel; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Questionnaires; Semen; Smoking; Sperm Count; Testis
PY - 2004
Y1 - 2004
N2 - Between 1996 and 1999, the authors invited all young men from five European countries who were undergoing compulsory medical examination for possible military service to participate in a study on male reproductive health. The participation rate was 19% in two cities in Denmark (n = 889), 17% in Oslo, Norway (n = 221), 13% in Turku, Finland (n = 313), 14% in Kaunas, Lithuania (n = 157), and 19% in Tartu, Estonia (n = 190). Each man provided a semen sample, was examined by a physician, and, in collaboration with his mother, completed a questionnaire about general and reproductive health, current smoking habits, and exposure to smoking in utero. After adjustment for confounding factors, men exposed to smoking in utero had a reduction in sperm concentration of 20.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8, 33.5) and a reduction in total sperm count of 24.5% (95% CI: 9.5, 39.5) in comparison with unexposed men. Percentages of motile and morphologically normal sperm cells were 1.85 (95% CI: 0.46, 3.23) and 0.64 (95% CI: -0.02, 1.30) percentage points lower, respectively, among men exposed in utero, and exposed men had a 1.15-ml (95% CI: 0.66, 1.64) smaller testis size. The associations were present when data from the study centers were analyzed separately (though not in Lithuania, where only 1% of mothers smoked during pregnancy), although the strength of the association varied. Maternal smoking may have long-term implications for the reproductive health of the offspring. This is another good reason to advise pregnant women to avoid smoking.
AB - Between 1996 and 1999, the authors invited all young men from five European countries who were undergoing compulsory medical examination for possible military service to participate in a study on male reproductive health. The participation rate was 19% in two cities in Denmark (n = 889), 17% in Oslo, Norway (n = 221), 13% in Turku, Finland (n = 313), 14% in Kaunas, Lithuania (n = 157), and 19% in Tartu, Estonia (n = 190). Each man provided a semen sample, was examined by a physician, and, in collaboration with his mother, completed a questionnaire about general and reproductive health, current smoking habits, and exposure to smoking in utero. After adjustment for confounding factors, men exposed to smoking in utero had a reduction in sperm concentration of 20.1% (95% confidence interval (CI): 6.8, 33.5) and a reduction in total sperm count of 24.5% (95% CI: 9.5, 39.5) in comparison with unexposed men. Percentages of motile and morphologically normal sperm cells were 1.85 (95% CI: 0.46, 3.23) and 0.64 (95% CI: -0.02, 1.30) percentage points lower, respectively, among men exposed in utero, and exposed men had a 1.15-ml (95% CI: 0.66, 1.64) smaller testis size. The associations were present when data from the study centers were analyzed separately (though not in Lithuania, where only 1% of mothers smoked during pregnancy), although the strength of the association varied. Maternal smoking may have long-term implications for the reproductive health of the offspring. This is another good reason to advise pregnant women to avoid smoking.
M3 - Journal article
C2 - 14693659
VL - 159
SP - 49
EP - 58
JO - American Journal of Epidemiology
JF - American Journal of Epidemiology
SN - 0002-9262
IS - 1
ER -
ID: 14336141