Bibliografisk note

Funding Information:
We thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contribution to the study, the laboratory teams at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit for sample management, Cambridge Genomic Services for genotyping, Matthew Walker and Sarah Spackman (British Heart Foundation [BHF] Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK) for data management, Nicola Kerrison (MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK) for managing the data for the InterAct Project, the laboratory team at VITAS Analytical Services, especially Anne Marte Haug, for vitamin D assays in EPIC-CVD, and the team at the EPIC-CVD Coordinating Centre for study coordination and administration. We acknowledge the use of data and biological samples from the EPIC-Ragusa cohort and the EPIC-Asturias cohort. A full list of Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration / Vitamin D Studies Collaboration investigators is provided in the appendix. This research has been done using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 11833. No specific funding was obtained for this manuscript. EPIC-CVD was funded by the European Research Council (268834) and the European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2–2012–279233). The coordinating centre was supported by core funding from the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270; MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002; RG/13/13/30194; RG/18/13/33946), and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215–20014). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. AMM is funded by the EC-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart). LS is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). TRB is funded by the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics (NIHR BTRU-2014–10024) and a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). SB is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (award number 204623/Z/16/Z), and by the UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/7). RC is funded by a BHF PhD studentship (FS/18/56/34177). EA was funded by the EC-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart) and a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). JD holds a BHF Professorship and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award. TJ is funded by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215–20014). AMW is supported by a BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award and by the EC-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart). LAMP is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). TYNT is supported by a Nuffield Department of Population Health Intermediate Fellowship. MA is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). NJW, CL, and NGF acknowledge funding from the MRC Epidemiology Unit MC_UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_12015/5. FS is funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council, and Cambridge Commonwealth European and International Trust. NJW and NGF received support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215–20014). DG is supported by the BHF Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/4/34215) at Imperial College London and a National Institute for Health Research Clinical Lectureship (CL-2020–16–001) at St George's, University of London. CM is supported by the Federation Française de Cardiologie,. RZ-R was supported by the Miguel Servet type II programme (CPII20/00009) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF)—ESF investing in your future). YBS is partially funded by the NIHR School of Population Health Research. The InterAct project was funded by the EU FP6 programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). Measurements for 25(OH)D were funded jointly by the InterAct project, the EPIC-CVD project and the MRC Cambridge Initiative (RG71466, SJAH/004). EPIC-Oxford is supported by Cancer Research UK (C8221/A29017) and UK MRC (MR/M012190/1). The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Directorate of Long-Term Care. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is supported by grant R01HL096875 and contracts 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159,75N92020D00005, N01-HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01-HC-95161, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-95162, 75N92020D00006, N01-HC-95163, 75N92020D00004, N01-HC-95164, 75N92020D00007, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and by grants UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001420 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. The following institutes provide support: the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NCATS, and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, and UL1 TR000128. MrOS data is available online . The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures is supported by NIH funding. NIA provides support under the following grant numbers: R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, and R01 AG027576. The Study of Health in Pomerania-1 is part of the Community Medicine Research network of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg–West Pomerania. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Santé e de la Recherche Médicale (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo, and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Austrian Research Promotion Agency (Austria); Health Research Fund - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MRC (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK).

Funding Information:
We thank all EPIC participants and staff for their contribution to the study, the laboratory teams at the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit for sample management, Cambridge Genomic Services for genotyping, Matthew Walker and Sarah Spackman (British Heart Foundation [BHF] Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK) for data management, Nicola Kerrison (MRC Epidemiology Unit, Cambridge, UK) for managing the data for the InterAct Project, the laboratory team at VITAS Analytical Services, especially Anne Marte Haug, for vitamin D assays in EPIC-CVD, and the team at the EPIC-CVD Coordinating Centre for study coordination and administration. We acknowledge the use of data and biological samples from the EPIC-Ragusa cohort and the EPIC-Asturias cohort. A full list of Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration / Vitamin D Studies Collaboration investigators is provided in the appendix. This research has been done using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 11833. No specific funding was obtained for this manuscript. EPIC-CVD was funded by the European Research Council (268834) and the European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2?2012?279233). The coordinating centre was supported by core funding from the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270; MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002; RG/13/13/30194; RG/18/13/33946), and the UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215?20014). The views expressed are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the NIHR or the Department of Health and Social Care. AMM is funded by the EC-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart). LS is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). TRB is funded by the NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit in Donor Health and Genomics (NIHR BTRU-2014?10024) and a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). SB is supported by a Sir Henry Dale Fellowship jointly funded by the Wellcome Trust and the Royal Society (award number 204623/Z/16/Z), and by the UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00002/7). RC is funded by a BHF PhD studentship (FS/18/56/34177). EA was funded by the EC-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart) and a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). JD holds a BHF Professorship and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award. TJ is funded by the NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC-1215?20014). AMW is supported by a BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award and by the EC-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart). LAMP is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). TYNT is supported by a Nuffield Department of Population Health Intermediate Fellowship. MA is funded by a BHF Programme Grant (RG/18/13/33946). NJW, CL, and NGF acknowledge funding from the MRC Epidemiology Unit MC_UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_12015/5. FS is funded by the Chinese Scholarship Council, and Cambridge Commonwealth European and International Trust. NJW and NGF received support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215?20014). DG is supported by the BHF Centre of Research Excellence (RE/18/4/34215) at Imperial College London and a National Institute for Health Research Clinical Lectureship (CL-2020?16?001) at St George's, University of London. CM is supported by the Federation Fran?aise de Cardiologie,. RZ-R was supported by the Miguel Servet type II programme (CPII20/00009) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF)?ESF investing in your future). YBS is partially funded by the NIHR School of Population Health Research. The InterAct project was funded by the EU FP6 programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). Measurements for 25(OH)D were funded jointly by the InterAct project, the EPIC-CVD project and the MRC Cambridge Initiative (RG71466, SJAH/004). EPIC-Oxford is supported by Cancer Research UK (C8221/A29017) and UK MRC (MR/M012190/1). The Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA) is supported by a grant from the Netherlands Ministry of Health, Welfare and Sport, Directorate of Long-Term Care. The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis is supported by grant R01HL096875 and contracts 75N92020D00001, HHSN268201500003I, N01-HC-95159,75N92020D00005, N01-HC-95160, 75N92020D00002, N01-HC-95161, 75N92020D00003, N01-HC-95162, 75N92020D00006, N01-HC-95163, 75N92020D00004, N01-HC-95164, 75N92020D00007, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, and N01-HC-95169 from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, and by grants UL1-TR-000040, UL1-TR-001079, and UL1-TR-001420 from the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS). The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men (MrOS) Study is supported by National Institutes of Health (NIH) funding. The following institutes provide support: the National Institute on Aging (NIA), the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, NCATS, and NIH Roadmap for Medical Research under the following grant numbers: U01 AG027810, U01 AG042124, U01 AG042139, U01 AG042140, U01 AG042143, U01 AG042145, U01 AG042168, U01 AR066160, and UL1 TR000128. MrOS data is available online. The Study of Osteoporotic Fractures is supported by NIH funding. NIA provides support under the following grant numbers: R01 AG005407, R01 AR35582, R01 AR35583, R01 AR35584, R01 AG005394, R01 AG027574, and R01 AG027576. The Study of Health in Pomerania-1 is part of the Community Medicine Research network of the University of Greifswald, Germany, which is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (grants 01ZZ9603, 01ZZ0103, and 01ZZ0403), the Ministry of Cultural Affairs, and the Social Ministry of the Federal State of Mecklenburg?West Pomerania. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Sant? e de la Recherche M?dicale (France), German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo, and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Austrian Research Promotion Agency (Austria); Health Research Fund - Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council, and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MRC (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK).

Funding Information:
ASB reports grants outside of this work from AstraZeneca, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi and personal fees from Novartis. JD reports grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Merck Sharp & Dohme, grants, personal fees, and non-financial support from Novartis, grants from Pfizer, and grants from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. YÇ reports personal fees from Boehringer Ingelheim, AstraZeneca, and Sanofi Genzyme outside the submitted work. BGN reports consultancies and talks sponsored by AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Regeneron, Akcea, Amgen, Kowa, Denka, Amarin, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Esperion, and Silence Therapeutics outside submitted work. MA is now an employee of AstraZeneca. DG is employed part-time by Novo Nordisk. PW reports grant income from Roche Diagnostics, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Novartis outside the submitted work. NS reports personal fees from Afimmune, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Eli Lilly, Hanmi Pharmaceuticals, Merck Sharp and Dohme, Novartis, Novo Nordisk, Pfizer, and Sanofi, and grant funding paid to his institution from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Roche Diagnostics. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license